Narrowing a Topic

Partner Program Material Narrowing a Topic Example Worksheet Review the accompanying model worksheet: |What general point have you chosen? |Education | |What parts, or subtopics, are identified with this point? Various insights | |Classroom the board | |Importance of advanced education | |Benefits of advanced education | |Elementary school | |Standardized testing | |Parental inclusion | |What specific part of this subject interests you most? | |Classroom the board | |What is your motivation or objective for composing an article on this point? |To disclose to the peruser the different techniques for study hall | |management utilized in the grade school study hall | |What questions would you like to reply or address in the article? |What styles of study hall the board exist? | |What impact does study hall the executives have on the study hall? | |What is your limited point decision for last explanatory paper? Study hall the board in the primary school homeroom | |Is your subject still unreasonably expansive for the length of the paper? |No, I figure my limited subject would be satisfactory for the length | |Explain your answer. Provided that this is true, in what manner may you tight it further? |of the last paper. I will have the option to clarify the different sorts | |of homeroom the board styles and clarify the impact that they | |have on the study hall. | Expository Essay Topic: Option 1 Worksheet If you chose Option 1 for this task, total the accompanying worksheet: |What general subject have you chosen? | |Video gaming | |What parts, or subtopics, are identified with this theme? |Types of games | |Price of games | |Hand and eye coordination and engine abilities | |Addictiveness/time the executives | |Violence identified with game play | |What specific part of this theme intrigues you most? | |Educational estimation of computer games in youngsters | |What is your motivation or objective for composing a paper on this point? |To illuminate the peruser what in structive advantages computer games have | |upon a kid | |What questions would you like to reply or address in the article? How might a kid profit by playing computer games | |What is your limited subject decision for last descriptive article? | |Is your point still unreasonably wide for the length of the paper? | |Explain your answer. Provided that this is true, by what means may you restricted it further? |

Managerial Decision Making for Administrative Policy-myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theManagerial Decision Making for Administrative Policy. Answer: Putting resources into another business Beginning a business isn't simple and it hence requires legitimate dynamic before realizing how to put resources into that specific business. Putting resources into another business requires somebody who is prepared to face a challenge. One needs to do cautious advances while putting resources into another business. While putting resources into another business, one may encounter inclination throughout leading the administrative obligations. Somebody needs to settle on the correct choice on which business he intends to put resources into. Inclination might be knowledgeable about the feeling that there might be another person may have wanted to begin a similar business in that specific zone. Once in a while the sum he puts resources into the business may not be sufficient to provide food for the business needs. The sort of inclination that he encountered is self-serving predisposition. It is self-serving since it includes the possibility of a solitary individual. The absence of access ibility of certain things required in the business may cause the business to endure. Throughout embraced the business, he may encounter predisposition by discovering that a few things were not purchased. Predisposition might be assessed by employing people in the business who will check the exhibition of the business and what is absent in it. They can might be take a gander at the stock or search for what the business is missing (Bazerman, 2017). The people can likewise assess why the business isn't running easily. The proprietor can likewise check for what is absent in the business so as to recognize the inclination. The predisposition might be overwhelmed by guaranteeing that you put the perfect measure of cash in the business. The proprietor ought to likewise ensure that he put a business that isn't possessed by numerous individuals to stay away from inclination and rivalry (Benson, 2014). He ought to likewise guarantee that he settles on the correct choices with respect to the business consistently. The procedure may improve the choice results in the situation by guaranteeing that the proprietor settles on choices that kill inclination. Killing the inclination would improve the choice results of the chief. Laying off laborers The choice of laying off of the laborers is shown up at in the business when something occurs in the business. For example, the work may have decreased or the business might be running at a misfortune (Saunders, 2005). The chief may encounter inclination while settling on the choice of laying off the laborers. For example, he may not be eager to lay off certain specialists whom he finds persevering yet might be constrained by the conditions. He may likewise do not have the certified faculty that he had for good. At the point when he chooses to lay them off, they may look for a perpetual wellspring of work where the representative who layed them off may not see them again in any event, when he needs them back (Kahneman, 2008). A portion of the laborers might be holding a major situation in the organization and it might be hard for the chief to lay them off. The sort of inclination that is experienced is assorted variety. The explanation is that it includes the laborers. The inclination in this situation might be assessed by knowing the spot that the laborer held in the organization. The activity will help inspect the inclination that would be identified with laying off the laborer ( Jones, 2004). It can likewise be assessed by knowing the quantity of workers in the organization and those that would be layed off. Inclination may likewise be assessed by estimating the effect of the workers to the organization the time they be layed off. The supervisor can create procedures that would conquer inclination in the situation. For example, he may decide to be left with the persevering representatives in the organization. He may likewise discover methods for disclose to the one ones that he will lay off the explanation behind creation that choice so he can figure out how to lay them off unafraid. He may likewise educate them the time that things would turn around to typical so h may not lose them for good. The procedure may improve the choice results in the situation on the grounds that the laborers would be guaranteed of returning to work once it resumes. Keeping up the most profitable specialists may likewise be useful in light of the fact that they would guarantee that the organization stays gainful. Settling clashes between representatives The other choice that the director can make is to determine strife among representatives who may not be in acceptable terms. The representatives might be clashing with one another in regards to an issue. The predisposition that may show up is the point at which the supervisor bolsters one side of the clashing individual and afterward dismisses the other. The supervisor may likewise take care of the issue in the way that it should be fathomed since he is one-sided towards a given person. In future he may likewise create contempt towards a given individual and love the other since he may see as though one of them is at fault for the contention. Predisposition in this situation might be estimated by perceiving how the administrator passes judgment on the reason for the contention between the people. It can likewise be assessed by observing the affection that the chief shows towards one representative and the scorn he appears towards the other (Wang, 2011). Predisposition can likewise be assessed by seeing how the administrator treats the clashing workers in the wake of settling the contention. The predisposition may likewise be assessed by observing whom the supervisor faults for the reason for the contention. The sort of inclination experienced is careless. The inclination in the situation can be overwhelmed by having others to determine the contention along with the supervisor. The activity will help guarantee that he doesn't show favoritism of on workers against the other. The director ought to likewise attempt to understand the contention without preferring any person since them two were included. It would likewise be fundamental for the chief to treat the two clashing people similarly much in the wake of settling the contention (Bennett, 2004). It would likewise be vital for the chief to get others to exhort him on the most proficient method to manage the people who were clashing at the work environment. The way toward defeating the inclination may improve the dynamic result of the organization. On the off chance that the supervisor includes others in settling the contention, the choices would be better than when he was separated from everyone else. In the event that he neglects to show prejudice on one side of the workers, he may improve the dynamic result when he includes them all the while. The administrator may include the representatives at showing up at the correct choice result in the event that he is in acceptable terms with them much after the contention. References Bazerman, M. H. (2017). Judgment in administrative dynamic, eighth version. S.l.: John Wiley Sons. Bennett, E. D., Klasson, C. R., Brandt, F. S. (2004). Regulatory approach: Cases in administrative dynamic. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill. Benson, J. (2014). Why plans come up short: Why business dynamic is something beyond business. Seattle, WA: Modus Cooperandi Gary, L. (2008). Psychological predisposition: Systematic blunders in dynamic. Boston, Mass: Harvard University. Jones, T. (2004). Business Economics and Managerial Decision Making. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Kahneman, D. (2008). Judgment under vulnerability: heuristics and predispositions. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Saunders, A. W. (2005). The versatile capacity of affirmation predisposition in dynamic Hons. Diss. (B. Sc.)- - Memorial University of Newfoundland Wang, C. (2011). Administrative Decision Making Leadership: The Essential Pocket Strategy Book. Chichester: Wiley.

50 Reflections

50 Reflections Hello old friends. The blogs are turning ten years old today, and Petey asked me to write something to kick off the big anniversary celebration. The invitation is a complete honor. Its great to be back in my old virtual stomping grounds; Ive missed you a lot. I like what youve done with the place. Ten years wow. I was 30 years old when we launched the blogs, and I just turned 40. Its hard to believe an entire decade has passed. This narrative isnt likely to be particularly linear. But you guys probably dont care. (Thanks.) Inspired by my own 50 Things, I offer you 50 Reflections. Here goes The years I spent at MIT were among the best and, at the same time, the hardest years of my life. I wouldnt trade them for anything in the world. MIT alums often describe their experience the same way. Even in the most difficult moments, I dont recall ever once saying IHTFP. But then again, I never had to take 8.02. Everyone who works at MIT is expected to innovate, to push boundaries, to improve the world. There isnt a day that goes by in which I am not grateful for the privilege of having been a part of that culture at a critical moment in my career. It taught me so much about the world and about what I wanted to contribute to it. Much of the time I am convinced that you dont find MIT; rather, MIT finds you. This may not be obvious now, but it will be someday. 50 Things supposedly still gets the most traffic of any entry ever written on the MIT blogs. While I am really, really flattered, the entry I wish everyone would read is More Than A Job. I have a list of all the applicants whose stories really changed my life. Every so often I google them to see what theyre up to. I have yet to be disappointed. Some of them didnt get admitted to MIT. Students entering college this fall would have been just eight years old, give or take, when we started the admissions blogs. Yes, this makes me feel a bit old. Social media as we know it today didnt exist when we launched our great experiment of promoting unfiltered/uncensored narratives and connecting prospective and current students directly. Facebook was only a few months old and restricted to a handful of colleges, which ruled out pretty much all of our prospective students. Twitter was still a couple of years away, as was Tumblr. The lack of third-party resources, in large part, enabled the blogs to become the epicenter of the online community we hoped to build around MIT Admissions. It would be more difficult (maybe even impossible) to pull off such a centralized effort today. When I first saw the job posting, I checked out the MIT Admissions web site; at the time, it was basically a couple of text-only pages and not very inspiring. I remember thinking: in 2004, the greatest technology school in the world cant find any students who can build a decent web page? (Answer, once I had the opportunity to ask: were putting a rover on Mars / trying to cure cancer / creating the renewable energy systems of the future / etc. you seriously want us to waste time with html?) Matt McGann was my partner in crime throughout the genesis and early evolution of the blogs program. MIT was the first, so this was all new territory with no road map to follow. Ill be forever grateful for Matts willingness to be a sounding board and copilot in those years. Matt and I also used to present our successes and failures to hundreds of colleagues at national conferences. I like to think we played at least some part in the fact that today almost every institution of higher education showcases unfiltered primary source content as part of its recruitment strategy. In other words, I think MIT can take much of the credit for the shift weve seen on the national higher ed recruitment landscape in the last decade, away from engineered messaging and towards transparency and authenticity. Speaking of Matt, I first met him at my job interview. He had long hair and was wearing shorts and flip-flops; I thought he was a student. The super classy individual you now know as Matt McGann the one who gives Donald Sadoway a run for his money in terms of pure awesomeness began emerging when he started dating Tina (also an MIT alum), who is now his wife. Correlation ? causation, of course, but everyone I know still gives Tina the credit. ;-) The original blogs were inspired in part by the experience of Amrys Williams, MIT alum and fellow admissions officer who was an avid blogger outside of work. She wrote about her world in general, which included the occasional entry on her job. She noticed a fair amount of traffic (and even an occasional comment from the particularly brave individual) coming from prospective students who were hoping to mine her MIT-related entries for insider info on the admissions process and stories of the real MIT. Which made us all think, hmmmmmm. Amrys also introduced me to Movable Type, which (after a brief stint with the now-defunct blogs.mit.edu portal) was the first publishing platform we used for the blogs. In the beginning, each blogger had his or her own install of MT, i.e. all the blogs were separate. There was no easy way to navigate between them or to cross-pollinate content. The first bloggers were students Mitra, Bryan, and Sam, along with employees me, Matt, and financial aid director Daniel Barkowitz. Links to the blogs were buried in the bottom corner of the static admissions site, well below the scroll, but in almost no time they were commanding most of the traffic another thing that made us think, hmmmmmm. Over the years Ive been given a lot of credit for my work on pioneering admissions blogs and the move to prioritizing student-centered primary source content. Im flattered but, to be clear, the best thing I ever did at MIT was to simply listen to what you (the prospective students) were telling us about what you wanted/needed and to convince my bosses that we should build an entirely new admissions site that reflected those things. They gave me the green light, and the rest is history. It didnt take a genius. Its worth noting, however, that at the time, MIT might have been the only institution in the country willing to take on this level of (perceived) risk. As we all know, it paid off: Yes, I know that graph is manipulative because the Y-axis starts at 10K and not 0. Remember, Im paid to engineer messaging, not robots. I built the original site in early 2005 using html tables and virtually no css. Despite the old-school nature of the code, that version worked pretty well for many years. The office brought everything into modern times sometime after I left. After importing and compiling all of the individual MT installs into the new backend, I realized that the thousands of entries would now need to be retagged with the universal categories we had established. I hired Mollie to tackle this project. She sat on my couch for the entire summer, reading every entry and tagging accordingly. Im convinced that her experience in the lab gave her the stamina necessary to complete so many hours of boring grunt work. Speaking of that couch, it had students sitting on it around the clock, doing homework, sleeping, whatever. Most were bloggers, but not all. I loved being able to look up from my desk and get student opinions on whatever I happened to be working on. The big reason our communications were so successful was that everything we released was student-approved. Oh, and unless you are Mollie, College Confidential will take years off your life, it really will. CPW is the greatest moment in the annual cycle. I never slept more than 4 hours a night during CPW. The energy of the admitted students is totally infectious. The CPW cannon hack was more incredible in person than you can imagine. Ditto for the fire truck on the dome. When working the CPW registration desk, I used to prank Mikey Yang constantly. He always worked the phones. So Id call him from an outside line (Id be sitting only a few feet away) and pretend to be an irate parent. Me: MY DAUGHTER HAS BEEN WAITING AT LOGAN FOR 40 MINUTES AND NO ONE HAS GREETED HER! SHES FROM A SMALL TOWN IN THE MIDWEST WITH 400 PEOPLE AND HAS NEVER BEEN ON AN AIRPLANE. SHES ALL ALONE AND TERRIFIED AND CRYING AND Mikey: Sir, sir, I am so sorry. We will get someone over there right away. Which terminal is she Me: DONT TRY TO PACIFY ME, SON. WHAT IS YOUR NAME? WITH WHOM AM I SPEAKING? Mikey: My name is Mike Yang, sir. I just Me: WELL LET ME TELL YOU SOMETHING, MIKE YANG. DO YOU HAVE ANY KIDS? DO YOU??? DO YOU KNOW WHAT ITS LIKE TO SEND YOUR FIRST-BORN OFF TO A LARGE CITY 1500 MILES AWAY? TO PUT HER SAFETY IN THE HANDS OF TOTAL STRANGERS? STRANGERS LIKE YOU? (By now everyone else at check-in would be dying of laughter and Mikey would look over at us and realize what was happening.) The beauty of this was that I could do it over and over again, because even though he always thought it was me, he couldnt risk being wrong. Epic. I attended many lectures during my four years at MIT. If I had to pick a favorite, it would be Eric Landers overview of the human genome project. That part where he casually draws a parallel between debugging elite code and curing cancer at the DNA level yeah. Mind. Blown. (Of course, I could have totally misunderstood what he was saying. But still.) If you read only one entry from the post-Ben era, let it be this one by Lydia. This is everything the blogs were designed to do. Over the course of my four years at MIT I had several offers to, um, join a tour of certain lesser-known parts of the campus. For whatever reason, I never accepted. This is perhaps my single biggest MIT-related regret. My first name is Edward (Ben is from my middle name). When I moved into 3-107 with Edmund Jones, MIT Admissions Administrative Officer, we had the door repainted to say E.Jones2. Half of MIT thought this was really cool. The other half complained that it should have been 2(E.Jones), so we had to invent a story about being superheroes whose powers grew exponentially when we were together. If called upon to do an MIT info session today, I could totally rock it. Thats because we didnt memorize a script; we internalized a culture. I would no doubt have forgotten a script after all this time. The story of William Barton Rogers and the ideals on which he founded MIT still inspires me. I still meet students who tell me they cant apply to MIT (or to Oberlin, where I now work) because theyre certain they cant afford it. Given how much effort these places put into broadcasting their financial aid policies, this boggles my mind. Spread the word: if you get in, MIT will make the money part work for you. Period. Stu Schmill is one of the most awesome human beings on the planet. His unwavering kindness, ethics, and care for every individual he encounters in the admissions process are an inspiration. He embodies MIT. Working for him was one of the great honors of my life. Stu is also a rockstar at karaoke. I have videos. Bryan Nance taught me to see the world through a careful and nuanced understanding of context and the impact of privilege. These lessons completely changed my life, and far beyond the world of admissions. You will not meet a more dedicated or selfless person, nor one who has had as much of an impact on admissions-related social justice in this country. The first time Kirk Kolenbrander ever called me, he left a voicemail that said I want to talk with you about the blogs. Please return my call at your earliest opportunity. It sounded urgent. I pulled up the site immediately to see what may have prompted the call. There, at the top, was a photo of a chocolate penis courtesy of, I think, Mitra. (The entry was on a recent event for sexual health awareness or some such, and the chocolate was the icebreaker.) YUP, THIS IS WHERE I GET FIRED, I thought. Pretty sure I was shaking when I called Kirk back. Turns out he was just calling to let me know that President Hockfield was a big fan of the blogs and wanted to take the student bloggers out to lunch. (Recalling this memory still makes my heart race.) If you know what you are doing, you can almost always get Kim Hunter to cry on cue with stories of great beauty, sadness, joy, whatever. Nance and I used to take bets. Kim also gives the best hugs. (Sometimes the hug makes her cry though.) To all the folks working behind the scenes, past and present: Joanne, Mari, Kirsten, Edmund, Marilyn, Gisel, Ellen, Alyssa, Vicki, Rick, Elizabeth, Jon, Meredith, Sofia, Diane, Sue, Karen, and the many others Ive undoubtedly forgotten to mention who rarely receive any public recognition but without whom everything would fall apart: thank you. I will be indebted to you forever, in so many ways big and small. There are several annual admissions conferences, but the one that almost everyone attends is called NACAC. The educational sessions are great, but the best part is the informal bonding with the only other people in the country who truly understand how hard the job is. We would talk as much about our kids who didnt get in as we would about those who did. One year at NACAC, to settle a score (the details of which escape me), Nance stole a bunch of Edmunds business cards and enthusiastically distributed them at the vendor fair. I think Edmund is probably still getting calls. On October 2, 2009, the blogs were featured on the front page of the New York Times above the fold, no less. (Here is the online version.) I was so proud. We spent many years getting to that place. It meant a lot to be recognized on such a prominent national stage. Its been six years since I left MIT, and people still email me regularly to ask what the secret is to getting in. My answer hasnt changed: THERE IS NO SECRET/FORMULA/WHATEVER. OMG, PLEASE STOP INSISTING THAT THERE IS. That said, I suppose its possible that everyone who gets into MIT has figured out time travel, which they employ in various ways to ultimately guarantee admission. How would I know? Actually Stu and Matt and all the other alums in the office would know, so scratch that hypothesis. The lessons I learned at MIT are reflected in my work every single day. Embrace risk, learn from your inevitable failures along the way, never be satisfied. Oh, and simply changing the world isnt enough; you must be deliberate in seeking to change it in positive ways. Remember: WWWBRD? Marilee Jones, the Dean who hired me, taught me almost everything I know about being an effective boss and managing a team: have a vision, hire great people, inspire them, give them ownership, and then get out of their way. The most important part of your job is to remove the roadblocks and red tape that might slow them down, and to have their back if anything goes wrong. I dedicate this list to Lorelle Espinosa, who saw something in me that I wasnt yet ready to see, and in doing so inadvertently launched this crazy and awesome adventure. And finally, some parting words: every application was a chapter in the best story I have ever read. If you want to remain hopeful about the future of the world and be appropriately optimistic on a daily basis, become an admissions officer. Heres to the next ten years, friends. Be well. And a huge thanks to everyone who has so carefully nurtured our little experiment especially Petey. My baby could not be in better hands. To bloggers past, present, and future, youre all stars. 3 Post Tagged #50 Things

Pros and Cons of Globalization - 873 Words

The Pros People have been on the move, traded, migrated and colonized in the earlier times; while in the process they transformed both places that they traveled to and the places that they came from. The pro-globalization people say that it is not just good for the rich but it’s good for the poor, because back in the 1990’s, when globalization took off, about 200 million people got out of poverty in places like India and China. Globalization is the process by which economies of countries around the world become increasingly integrated over time. Supporters of this topic argued that it is both good and beneficial because it has created outsourcing, for example, customer support, marketing, software development, insurance and accounting.†¦show more content†¦American workers don’t benefit from the increase in trade and that the U.S. Trade policy does not care about the needs of the American workers. Smaller businesses are worried about being put out of business due to the bigger businesses that are growing rapidly. Bigger businesses are taking out the smaller businesses to eliminate competition. They also say that globalization is â€Å"Uncle Sam’s scapegoat†. These people have gone out of control; instead of protesting and having sit in, they are getting violent to the point where there killing and attacking police and official, they even destroyed million dollars worth of property. The anti-globalist wants to destroy: liberal democracy and free-market economics; they want to continue on with their old ways of living, despite its conditions. There are a lot of good and bad things about globalization but each person has their own opinion and view on this subject and what they outcome will be. Works Cited Texieria, Ruy (2007 January). The Century Foundation. Retrieved April 6, 2009, from What the Public Really Wants Web site: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/01/pdf/wtprw.pdf%20 Ligi, Amanda (2006, April). Associated Content. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from The Pros and Cons of Globalization Web site: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/29797/the_pros_and_cons_of_globalization_pg3.html?cat=3 Smith, Robert (2000, April). Business Week. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from The ProsShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons of Globalization2741 Words   |  11 PagesPros and cons of globalization Department: International Management Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Henkel and Prof. Dr. Perlitz Name: Shi Zhun Student ID: 1223396 Date: 29/Oct/2008 Table of Contents Page Number 1. Summary...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 3. The definition of globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........4 4. Economic growth (pros and cons)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 5. Worker (pros and cons)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 6. Consumer (pros andRead MoreAnalysis of the Pros and Cons of Globalization1212 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization Introduction The continued accelerating pace of change in globalization is forcing an entirely new level of emphasis on individualized, highly targeted marketing across the many regions and countries of the world. Global marketing today must contend with a wider array of constraints, both economic and cultural, that as ever been the case in the past (Gupta, 2003). These constraints fuel a high level of creativity and focus on how to overcome cultural and economic constraints throughRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Globalization803 Words   |  4 PagesThe term ‘globalisation’ is commonly used to describe a modernisation and capitalist expansion, that entails a variety of economic, cultural, social and political changes over the past 50 years, that have shaped the world today (Guttal, 2007, pp. 524). An important aspect of this concept, is the rapid increase in transnational movements of goods and services, and the weakening notion of national and geo-political borders. Not only has glo balisation created economic prosperity but also a large flowRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essays1386 Words   |  6 Pagesspread of cultures, trade, information and creating options, Globalization can be highly beneficial to everyone by bestowing great fortunes on us. This essay will highlight the positive and negative effects of globalisation, but also discuss solutions and evaluate them. Economists have used the term globalization since the 1980’s, although it was used in social sciences in the 1960’s. However, the principles and ideas of globalization have not spread to the twentieth century. Globalisation isRead MoreGlobalization, Pros and Cons for Developing Countries938 Words   |  4 Pagesterm â€Å"Globalization† for developing countries. Some social, economic and environmental issues are discussed in the paper. This Document addresses the advantages and disadvantages of the term â€Å"Globalization† for developing countries. Some social, economic and environmental issues are discussed in the paper. Hosein Rahmati Hosein Rahmati Globalization, Pros And Cons For Developing Countries January 2012 Globalization, Pros And Cons For Developing Countries January 2012 Globalization couldRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay987 Words   |  4 Pages Globalization is the process by which states become interdependent on each other on all spheres of life. It is a process where countries go global by adapting universal characteristics involving human race. It is therefore the process of uniting people of the world into one unit with universal characteristics. This characteristics include; systems of education, politics, democracy, economy among many others. Through globalization economies, civilizations and societies become integrated into a globalisedRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization. Everyday you hear it on the news, you read it in the newspaper, and you overhear people talking about it- and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a different meaning. When I hear of globalization I think of the whole world coming close together in all phases. I tend to think that we as human beings are breaking down barriers that have been protected or guarded. For insta nce, I initially thought of the progress we are making in the communication aspect. SoRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Globalization900 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization can be defined as the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. It also refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world (http://hotbabefatchicks.hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-Globalization). Globalization can be both advantageous and detrimental to developing countries. Some of its advantages are increased external finance, improved technology and political conformism. Disadvantages of globalization includeRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay963 Words   |  4 Pages It is debated whether globalization is an advantage or disadvantage to our society. Everyday you hear it on the news, you read it in the newspaper, and you overhear people talking about it and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a different meaning. Globalization is the process by which a business or company becomes international or starts to operate on an international level such like the rise of the so-called global economy. It can also bring the world closer throughRead More Pros and Cons of Globalization and Localization Essays1487 Words   |  6 Pageshave been blessed with a stable economy. There has always been the extreme feeling of complacency and stability that comes with being a very large, internationally respected country. Strangely enough, America does not only reap the benefits of globalization, but it also basks in the glory of localization. We have, as a country, experienced much success both internationally and domestically. For example, w ithout our international businesses booming the way they are, our country would suffer from a

Marijuana Should Marijuana Be Used For Medicinal Purposes...

Cannabis (or marijuana) is a common drug that is derived from a plant that has been around for centuries. Many argue that cannabis can be used for medicinal purposes. Thus, many researchers believe it is important to begin studying the effects that cannabis has on people. While this drug has been deemed to having both beneficial and detrimental side effects, many individuals are still weary as to what this drug may bring forth in terms of future medical discoveries, as well as other issues that may come along with it. Therefore, findings and new developments of medications for various types of diseases are being studied very closely in hopes of finding something that may create a huge impact in the world of medicine once again. So, studies over marijuana for medicinal use has become prevalent. With each new study there arises new questions as to whether marijuana would have a positive or negative impact for certain medical issues in patients. Likewise, the question as to whether this may negatively impact communities also comes in to play in regards to recreational use and abuse. Advantages of Medical Marijuana The use of medical marijuana has been studied for various medical issues. Many of these studies have shown that there are in fact some benefits for many patients when they are using marijuana as a remedy. Medical marijuana is typically sought after by patients experiencing medical issues including the following: epilepsy, cancer, chronic pain, eating disorders, asShow MoreRelatedMedicinal Marijuana: Should It Be Legal in All States? Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not marijuana should be legal for medicinal purposes in all fifty states. Many people believe that marijuana is an unsuitable substitute for many of the medications we have today. On the other hand, many researchers have conducted extensive studies that have shown how beneficial medicinal marijuana can be. Many states have already picked up on this, and have laws set in place to allow the use of medicinal marijuana. Medicinal marijuana has a wide variety of uses, and should be allo wed forRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medicinal Marijuana1382 Words   |  6 Pagesof medicinal marijuana is a very controversial topic within Australia. Recently, Victoria took the first steps to legalise medicinal marijuana, referenced in Victorian Government s Access to Medicinal Cannabis Bill 2015 (12th April 2016) and passed by the Victorian Parliament. This is the beginning of â€Å"the process of enabling patients to access medicinal cannabis.† In spite of this forward move, the debate still rages. There are valid and significant stances about whether marijuana should be legalisedRead MoreThe Term Effects Of Marijuana1124 Words   |  5 Pageseffects marijuana has on the human body? Marijuana is now being used more as medicinal and recreational use, and its usage is constantly increasing among many young adults in today’s society. You should know the effects of Marijuana and its medicinal purposes so you can make the choice of whether or not to use it and whet her you will use it for medicinal purposes. With extensive scholarly research, today we will be discussing intermediate, long term effects and medicinal purposes of marijuana. AccordingRead MoreMedicinal Marijuana Should Be Decriminalized Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesFor the past fifty years, heated debates over the topic of the decriminalization of marijuana have been a great controversy among politicians. Some politicians believe that marijuana for the use of medicine should be outlawed. As Congressman Bob Barr in his debate with radio talk show host Neil Boortz on May 14, 2002, stated, quot;There is no legitimate medical use whatsoever for marijuana. This [marijuana] is not medicine. This is bogus witchcraft. It has no place in medicine, no place in painRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1581 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"war on drugs† since the late 1900’s, the legalization of marijuana has been a popular topic within the past couple of years. This topic is very controversial due to the fact that many people are unable to see past the bad rap that cannabis has accumulated over past years. Among the other aspects that have already giv en marijuana a bad reputation, some people are trying to find more and more reasons to postpone the legalization of marijuana. Since the legalization of cannabis in Colorado, WashingtonRead MoreWhy Not Legalize Marijuana? Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana should be legalized for both recreational and medicinal use because the US economy can reap significant benefits from legalization as well as create an influx of jobs and also to reduce street and gang disputes relating to marijuana. Also, marijuana should be legalized because it has been dealt an unfair hand by society and is justifiably safer than most know it to be. First, marijuana should be legalized in the US for both recreational and medicinal purposes because there is a very substantialRead MoreContinuous Debates about the Legalization of Marijuana Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Legalization of marijuana is a notorious topic in the world today, and like any other contentious subject, it has number of support, and opposition. The valid points for both sides are plentiful, and each side feels very strong about their position on the topic. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug used for medicinal purposes, and as an illicit drug (Earleywine 34). Marijuana is the most commonly used drug in the world today. Marijuana has a psychoactive effect, and this has made it recognizedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?895 Words   |  4 Pages Should marijuana be legalized? In the eyes of some American s, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies in today’s society. Since alcohol and tobacco, both a life threatening substances are legal, it is only right to question, why marijuana is illegal. When speaking of the legalization of marijuana, it is important to identify which facts pertaining to marijuana use are stereotypes, truths, and egregious slander. Many people that have never been exposed to the plant have preconceived notionsRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Usage800 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Usage The legalization of marijuana for medical purposes is a question that seems to be scourging many states. Have you ever experience excruciating pain? Or have you ever witnessed someone suffering from agonizing morning sickness? Then still there are those that feel plagued with the chronic arthritis pain, or the nausea and vomiting, which often accompany chemotherapy. These individuals would welcome the use of marijuana for medicinal usage. MedicalRead MoreThe Debate over Legalizing Marijuana967 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana is a drug which is used for recreational purposes as well as medicinal purposes. However, the medicinal use of marijuana has only been suggested in the recent years because previously it was just a drug which used to be exploited by the teenagers, adults and others for their own personal purposes. Many people get arrested for illegal possession of marijuana because it is still illegal to have marijuana despite the ongoing debate of making it legal. There are many people who are against

Hurdling Free Essays

Event Paper: Hurdling In track and field, the three main types of event include: running, throwing and jumping. According to britannica. com, hurdling is defined as â€Å"A sport in athletics (track and field) in which a runner races over a series of obstacles called hurdles, which are set a fixed distance apart. We will write a custom essay sample on Hurdling or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Throughout the race, runners are required to stay within their assigned lane. They are allowed to knock down hurdles while running, but a runner who trails a foot or leg alongside a hurdle or knocks it down with a hand is disqualified. Hurdling, which combines running and jumping, is fairly new in comparison to the other track and field events. However, hurdling contains an impressive and interesting history and continues to be one of the most popular events at the Olympics. It was not until the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 when hurdles were introduced to the world. The original Olympics began long before in Greece, however, Roman Emperor Theodosius I had banned the Games 1,500 years earlier as an attempt to abolish what he thought were pagan practices. The modern Olympics arose in Athens and presented hurdling events, thanks to the French baron, Pierre de Coubertin, who than became the first International Olympic Committee president. The Games initially began with 110-meter hurdles and in 1900 introduced the 400-meter hurdles. When the sport was first introduced, hurdling was completed by simply jumping over the hurdles. American Alvin Kraenslein, however, changed this and introduced a new striding technique for overcoming the hurdles in 1900. This technique incorporated straightening the front leg while tucking the back leg underneath the body. After winning both the 110- and 200-meter hurdle events, Kraenzlein’s technique became the standard for hurdling and still is practiced today. After its introduction, hurdling was mainly recognized as an event for men only. In 1926, this changed with the introduction of the Olympic 80-meter hurdle events for women. With the success of women such as Babe Didrikson exceeding, the participation and recognition of women in hurdling increased. Furthermore, as of 2011, women compete in the same hurdling events as men, including the 400-meter hurdles. In hurdling events, there are sprint hurdle races and long hurdle races. The most common sprint hurdles is 110 meters for men and 100 meters for women. As mentioned, the standard long hurdle race is 400 meters for both men and women. There are also other distances that are run indoors which are usually 60 meters or less for both men and women. In sum, there are different specific techniques for each hurdle race. While the high hurdles races are sprints, they are also technical events. The ultimate goal for all hurdlers is do as little hurdling, and as much as running, as possible. This means participants must sprint, clear the hurdles, then proceed sprinting as quickly as possible. The key is to preserve momentum while clearing all ten hurdles, maintaining one’s center of gravity as close to standard sprinting position as possible. As with the other sprint races, high hurdles participants being in starting blocks. However, unlike a straight spring, sprint hurdlers most transfer into an upright position rather quickly. Sprint hurdlers retain their speed leading up to each hurdle, but they also shorten the last step before their lead leg rises to clear the hurdle. This provokes the plant foot under the hips and allows the hurdler to shift their upper body weight forward. It is also vital to remember appropriate arm technique. The arm on the opposite side of the lead leg pushes forward and literally directs the runner toward the hurdle. As the lead leg’s knee drives to the hurdle, the lower leg extends forward until the foot approaches the hurdle’s height. As the body leans forward, the lead knee continues slight bent as the hurdler proceeds forward. As soon as the lead leg’s heel clears the hurdle, it is important immediately bring that foot down. Than the contestant must pull his or her trail leg over the hurdle quickly and prepare to resume sprinting. Senior-level hurdlers usually take three strides between hurdles but it can vary. In sum, it is important to never slow down and to utilize the arms, which will help the hurdler to maintain good balance. Both men and women have set astonishing records in completing the event of hurdling. The 110-meter hurdles for men, 12. 8 seconds is the fastest that has ever been ran and Aries Merritt from the USA holds that record. However, one other significant hurdler is Liu Xiang who was the first person to run under 12. seconds. Also, Allen Johnson from USA is the only four-time world champion. The fastest time ran for the women’s 100-meter hurdles is 12. 21 by Yordanka Donkova in 1988. Two other successful athletes that are the only 100 meters hurdlers to have become both Olympic Champion and World Champion are Sally Pearson from Austria and Ludmila Narozhilenko-Engquist from Swe den. As the Olympic Games continue, team USA remains to dominate the men’s 110-meter hurdles however, for the women’s 100-meter hurdles, athletes from Bulgaria and Germany dominate the event. The 400 meters hurdles is also an Olympic event in track and field. Runners stay in their lanes the entire way after starting out of the blocks and must clear ten hurdles that are evenly spaced around the track. The 400 meters hurdle race requires speed, endurance, and hurdling technique along with distinctive awareness and particular concentration throughout the race. The current men’s and women’s world record holders are Kevin Young with 46. 78 seconds and Yuliya Pechonkina with 52. 34 seconds. There are common physical characteristics and traits among hurdlers. Many hurdlers are considered strong and have a good amount of muscle. This is important in having a good, solid landing as well as having an aggressive start. Also good flexibility and coordination (i. e. hip mobility) is vital. During the hurdling process one of your legs does extend to the side in which this trait comes to play. Furthermore, a hurdler must run the 100 meters well since the ultimate objective of hurdling is to sprint the event as much as possible. Finally having a tall stature can be an advantage due to having shorter strides and achieving greater horizontal distance over the hurdle. All in all, a successful hurdler contains most or all of these physical characteristics. Hurdling can now been seen at almost all levels, beginning with middle school student track and field teams, and continuing through high school and college to the Olympics. It is important to understand that hurdling involves persistent training and with that strong work ethic. As Kevin Young said, â€Å"The key thing in the hurdles is that it’s a development event. You might not do a damn thing one year, and then things just click. You really can’t discount athletes who may not stand out immediately. It may take two or three years for an athlete to develop. † References Hurdling. (2012). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/277252/hurdling Rosenbaum, Mike. (2010). Sprint hurdles technique. Retrieved Dec. 18, 2012, from About. com database. Sherwod, Chris. (2011, Jul 14). History of hurdling. Retrieved Dec. 18, 2012, from Livestrong. com database. Slingo, Mark. (2008). History of hurdling. Retrieved Dec. 18, 2012, from ehow. com database. Sports Coach, BrianMac. (2012, Oct 17). Spring hurdles. Retrieved Dec. 18, 2012 from Brianmac. co database. How to cite Hurdling, Papers

ROMANCE of Ralph Lauren free essay sample

Advertising has long been a part of the world’s culture. It is the business of drawing the attention of the public to different goods and services, and it uses different kinds of media to bring its message to the audience. Moreover, it includes different components and concepts such as public relations, sales promotion, publicity and personal selling. Custom publishing is the kind of advertising that targets a specific kind of audience and therefore the kind of advertisement they produce largely depends on their targeted audience. But although a specific type of audience is targeted, this type of advertisement may also be use to catch the attention of other audience. There are two approaches in analyzing an advertisement. The first one is the semiotic analysis, and the second one is the content analysis. These two are rarely use together because they are from different ideological standpoint. One of the companies known for their advertising strategy is the Ralph Lauren. We will write a custom essay sample on ROMANCE of Ralph Lauren or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Analyzing one of their advertisements is really a challenge since Ralph Lauren is a famous brand and its fame goes with its advertising strategies. By answering different questions regarding the advertisement of the product and whether or not their advertisement achieves the result they want to achieve, we can analyze the Romance advertisement. The Ad on Love, Affection, and Intimacy Advertisements are available because they want to say something. They want to express something to their audience for the audience to do something about their product – whether to buy it, or tell it to other people who are interested in their product. In the case of Ralph Lauren’s advertisement, Romance, it stimulates the reader’s mind by creating an image of intimacy. The ad shows a man and a woman embracing each other, with both their faces full of intimacy. The man in the ad is also almost being undressed by the woman. The other side of the ad shows the perfume which is the product of the advertisement. Romance, as we all know, is a word often related to love, affection, and intimacy. The product, which as mentioned shows a picture of two intimate lovers, suggests that this product is use for ‘doing romance’. Their seductive faces as well as the pose of the models also suggest that the ‘romance’ being featured in this ad has something to do with the erotic romance. The product also seems like it cannot be for daily use, and can only be use in ‘special’ circumstances such as ‘making romance’. The Ad encourages the consumers to buy the product More often than not, an ad is trying to sell something, but this is only the initial answer to the question. There are other questions that we need to consider. First, does it persuade its audience to buy their product for the first time, or to switch from other brand to their brand? Most ads commonly want to increase their sales by catching the reader’s attention and stimulating their interests in the hope that the purchase of the product will follow. In the case of Romance, the product, as mentioned earlier, is something which cannot be used on a daily basis and is therefore encouraging the consumer to buy the product to make an intimate moment extra special. The Ad is intended for both men and women In the earlier times of advertisements, most ads are mass produced and have no specific targets. On the other hand, advertisements in the recent years are more focused on segmentation and target of specific audience. Fitting the product into the interest of a group is now a marketing strategy which, more often than not, carries a positive result. It came into the principle that most advertisers sell the same thing to everyone everyday, which often end up to very low sales of their products. Romance’s has a specific type of audience. It targets men and women capable of having an intimate time together. It means those who are married (may it be on the earlier years of marriage or on the part where couples tend to ‘fall out of love’), lovers, and other couples. Although it targets a specific audience, it also aims to attract the attention of other audience. Using Emotions as a Strategy to Catch the Attention of the Audience The strategies used in selling a product are definitely a very important consideration when it comes to advertising. There are different considerations like the reason behind buying the product, the orientation of the product (emotional, physical orientation), whether the ad feature the product itself, or whether it focus on use of the product, direct suggestions to the readers, whether the endorsement is provided by a celebrity, or whether it plays a positive or a negative appeal. Most ads contain both illustrations and texts. Advertisers also often concentrates in the layout, shapes, sizes, and the colors used in the ad. The smallest detail is very important in every advertisement. Ralph Lauren’s Romance uses both illustrations and texts. It is to better understand the meaning of the ad. Note also that the models used in the advertisement are not famous celebrities which indicate that the use of the products is for everyone. Also, note the colors used in the ad. The picture is in black and white, and the dresses of both the models are also in black and white. This is because black and white express intimacy and romance. Those two colors create an image of ‘calm passion’. Instead of using red, which is usually the color of romance; the ad uses black and white to indicate a kind of calm romance not the wild one which is often associated with red passion. The ad also targets the emotion of the consumers. Instead of saying that one should use the perfume because of its scent, the advertisers just showed two models embracing each other to show passion and romance. No tagline was used and the audience just has to rely on the message of the ad by merely looking at the picture – a clear indication that the ad is for adults and young adults. Effectiveness of the Romance Ralph Lauren’s advertisement, Romance, has succeeded in bringing their intended message to their audience. The use of color, the models (and their pose), the mood, and the feel of the ad clearly express the meaning it wants to express. The subtlety of the erotic message in the ad also adds to the effectiveness of the message. With the color scheme, theme, and message of the Ad, Romance definitely captures the romantic side of the consumers.

How do Hamlets Soliloquies reveal his Changing thoughts and Moods throughout the play Essay Example

How do Hamlets Soliloquies reveal his Changing thoughts and Moods throughout the play Paper The play Hamlet is basically about life and death. We see this through the character Hamlet. Hamlets character is not one dimensional, their are many sides to his personality. We can tell this by the way his mood varies throughout the play. Only in the soliloquies does Hamlet reveal his true self, and we the audience begin to develop a better understanding of his complex character. A soliloquy is a speech in which a character (in this case Hamlet) reveals to the audience his thoughts and feelings which he is unable to express to other characters in the play. So in other words, soliloquies give a voice to Hamlets thoughts. This is why soliloquies are so important, because a character can express his most inner thoughts with out judgement from fellow characters in the play. The three soliloquies I have studies are like signposts in the play. They guide us through Hamlets mind at different points in the play. The main focus of my analysis will be on different actors interpretations of this play, as well as the actual content and language of these three different soliloquies. The first soliloquy I am studying is in act one scene two. We will write a custom essay sample on How do Hamlets Soliloquies reveal his Changing thoughts and Moods throughout the play specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How do Hamlets Soliloquies reveal his Changing thoughts and Moods throughout the play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How do Hamlets Soliloquies reveal his Changing thoughts and Moods throughout the play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this first soliloquy Hamlet talks about how if it wasnt for gods laws (sixth commandment, a religious law), he would committee suicide. This is due to the world at war, his deceased father, and how his mother has remarried. O, this too too solid flesh would melt.. his canon gainst self-slaughter. Hamlet continues to tell us, the audience, about how he is irritated (or you could even say maddened) with life and how purposeless everything in this world seems to be. weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seems to me all the uses of this world! As well as how the world is corrupt. He expresses this by comparing his immediate world to a garden overrun, polluted by foul-smelling weeds. . tis an unweeded garden that grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature posses it merely. Hamlet is not really mourning his fathers death in this soliloquy, but he is infuriated with his mother for remarrying his uncle so soon after his fathers death. That is should come to this! But two months dead- nay not so much, not so excellent a King. After this Hamlet continues to explain how nothing can happen to make this situation any better. But this does not mean Hamlet will do nothing, and accept everything. This is not good enough for Hamlet, something has to be done. The audience is drawn to feel this way because we can tell Hamlet is a clever man (we can tell this by the way Hamlet contemplates situations, which he sees as wrong, in his mind e. g. his mother remarriage. Also Hamlet is clever enough to keep his thoughts to himself hence he only expresses his feelings in soliloquies). Hamlet also compares his father and uncle. The way Hamlet does this is by comparing them as a Hyperion to a satyr. This comparison of the two men makes his father sound grand, powerful, beautiful and as a mythical creature. Therefore suggests that Hamlet feels that his deceased father is the rightful king, and Claudius is inferior to the King Hamlet. This also seems that this is the only way Hamlet can talk about his father compared to Claudius. In addition, this over explanation dramatises these two characters. Also this makes King Hamlet almost seem like a God, and as for Claudius well he is seen as a servant (compared to his father). This suggests that King Hamlet will always be superior to Claudius, even in death. We, the audience, can also see that these are Hamlets true inner thoughts as they almost flow out of his mouth as he gets caught up in the moment. Ad this soliloquy is full of interpretations, rushes of thought and language, which also suggests that Hamlet is getting caught up in the moment. The language in this soliloquy resembles a train of thought. The words flow together with commas that continue this flow. As well as studying the text of Hamlet, I am also studying two versions of Hamlet in the form of a play. The two films I watched each portrayed these soliloquies in different ways. The first noticeable difference between the two is the fact that, the Peter Brooks version concentrates on the actors face that plays Hamlet. While the Mel Gibson version focuses more on the setting. I do not think that the reason for this is one is a low budget film while the other is not. I think that both versions want to portray Hamlet in different ways. The Peter Brooks version portrays Hamlet as a strong minded character, focusing on every word that Hamlet speaks. While the Mel Gibson version also does this (but not nearly as much), but as a lot of the focus is on the setting, this suggests that Hamlets words can not express his true feelings as well. It is though the setting dramatises the words that Hamlet speaks. This also is a reason for why in the Mel Gibson version, of this soliloquy, has been cut down. The only similarity there is in both films is that; the actors never look at the camera. I think that this suggests that Hamlet does not need to prove himself to anyone; he is not trying to convince us, the audience, that his feelings are right (or the right way to think and feel). Hamlet believes that his are beliefs are true and know one will change his mind. Hamlets character does not need to keep a hold of the audience by addressing them with looks or suggestive posses. So already in this first soliloquy we see how intelligent Hamlet is, how he thinks over situations. He does not just sit back and take things as they come. It is though Hamlet already, sub-consciously, knows that Claudius is unlawfully the king. So from here the audience feels like Hamlets character is strong minded, intelligent and a deep thinker. At the moment the audience does not know if Hamlet is going to be brave enough to change things. Though, we do get the sense that Hamlet will just take things as they come. This is where the audience claps their first sense that action may happen in the near future. Hamlet is also seen as almost as brave, as it seems he is going to change this to make them seem right. He is not seen as a coward for this very reason, as well as, he has not committed suicide. But this is mainly down to the fact that it is a sin. So maybe he is not so brave. However the audience looks past this as not an act of coward ness but as an act of bravery to stand-up in what he believes in. The second soliloquy that I am studying is in act 2. Here Hamlet express disapproval of the way he can not act to avenge his dead father. . hat a rouge and peasant slave am I! Hamlet later explains how he is going to trap Claudius. Hamlet is also frustrated how actors can act with feelings, while hamlet has lots of motivation (and reasons) to avenge his father yet he can not act on this. Is it not monstrous that this player here, But in a fiction, in a dream of passion force his soul so to his own conceit.. Hamlet is also still trying to make sense of the world. I think in this solil oquy we, the audience, see how intelligent and self-aware Hamlet really is. He even considers himself as a coward. And this is the first time we the audience think Hamlet is actually a coward, and actually start to wonder is Hamlet is going to live up to what he is saying. Am I a coward But I am pigeon livered, and lack gall To make oppression bitter Alliteration is used in this Soliloquy. Out of the soliloquies I am studying, this is the first that I have seen alliteration. The use of alliteration makes the words stand clear from the rest, it emphasises them. This means they must be important for such emphasis to be laid upon them. Especially the way, even when u read them, they make u spit them out. It is though they are disgusting, poisoned, and almost shameful. These words are said as hamlet is questioning about how he does nothing to avenge his father. So this shows the way he is ashamed of the way he does nothing. Bloody, bawdy villain! With Hamlets realisation of how he has done nothing to avenge his father, he comes up with an idea. Hamlet will watch his uncle to see how he reacts when he sees a play of a murder which resembles King Hamlets. Hamlet also shows his disgust in Claudius by calling him a creature. This shows that Hamlet thinks that for someone to murder, they must (almost) not be human. Hum I have heard That guilty creatures sitting at a play Have by the very cunning of the scene Been struck so to the soul The Mel Gibson version of this concentrates on the anger that Hamlet is feeling. This is shown by the way Hamlet is standing. It is as if Hamlet can not bear it anymore (all his anger) and needs something to be done. The Mel Gibson version also starts about half way down the soliloquy. This is because half way down, in the soliloquy, Hamlet starts to get going therefore gets more aggressive. Also Hamlets character is seen as more unpredictable as three quarters down the script, Hamlet does calm down. This is because he has finally thought of a plan. The Peter Brooks version is different. In this version Hamlet is seen calmer and in deep thought more than the Mel Gibson version. This is expressed in the way that the actor is sitting down. Also bloody bawdy villain is left out. This too makes Hamlet seem less aggressive. The way none of the script is cut out, makes Hamlet seem as though he is able to work through is feelings and emotions, therefore a more stable and in control character In this soliloquy we see how Hamlets mood has changed more aggressive and more frustrated. Though this seems to work best for Hamlet, as with theses feelings he later is able to come up (finally) with a plot. Hamlets character becomes more complex in this soliloquy. We no-longer think of Hamlet as a man whom will act on his feelings. Now of a man, who is scared to act on his feelings, yet knows he is a coward and he should, but physically he cant. This is maybe because he is not yet mentally prepared. It seems that Hamlet has to be frustrated with his feelings and hate himself for not acting, to then later be able to mentally carry out what he first intended to do. The third soliloquy I am studying is in act three scene one. In this soliloquy Hamlet is still discussing the meaning of life and death. Hamlet is scared of what happens after death. To be, or not to be. This is all before a meeting with Ophelia. This soliloquy does not advance the story. Instead it shows us a lot about how Hamlet thinks things through. Also in this soliloquy Hamlet is still delaying murder. Hamlet is spilt; on one hand he wants revenge for his father, on the other, he is an intelligent student which is teachings go against ghosts. This soliloquy is also different to the rest in the way that he reflects on general issues. There are no direct references about other people. This is maybe because Hamlet has now almost totally withdrawn himself from the world. Hamlet discusses how, if you cant win a battle, you can still fight. But what is the point? Hamlet is thinking things through; this intelligence makes him a coward. to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing, end them Onomatopoeia is used in this soliloquy. This makes the words come alive and stand out. This is needed as it is about death. Which, discussing death seems to be very important to Hamlet. shuffled off this mortal coil Ophelia is mentioned right at the end of this soliloquy. I think this is to show that Hamlet is not as alone as he thinks he is. He could rely on Ophelia and talk to her, yet he keeps his feeling to himself. The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisons Be all my sins remembered. In the Peter Brooks version, there is emphasis on part of this speech. This shows that, in this version Hamlet is seen to be thinking about death, and is scared of it as it has been mentioned several times. The emphasis is shown by a pause by the actor when saying To die-to sleep Also in this version there are longer pauses which show deep thought. And even a slight struggle to contemplate these ideas. But as he is still discussing them it shows they are important. Hamlet is sitting down in this version. He never stands up. This shows us how there is no aggression. As well as the fact that he never raises his voice. This version is less emotional. It is more serious, the actor uses a lower tone of voice in some areas of the speech. The camera zooms in on Hamlets face, yet he never looks at it. This suggests that Hamlet is trapped inside his head. Also this is shown by the way Ophelia doesnt come into the scene (this has been excluded from this version). The Mel Gibson version is more about setting. It is set by the grave of Hamlets diseased father. This version is set here to show how Hamlet must (or so he feels) live up to gat revenge for his father. Also this emphasis on the scenery shows how death is inside Hamlets mind. This version of Hamlet makes his character seem less calm. The actor gets angry, clams down, moves around (e. g. lays on the floor) at certain points. All these emphasis how complicated Hamlets mind is. And how confused he still is As well as how unpredictable his character is. Yet again we see, in this soliloquy, how intelligent Hamlet is. How he contemplates important situations in his mind. Death plays a very important role in this soliloquy. Hamlet is constantly thinking about it. Though in this soliloquy we see how frightened Hamlet is of death. Also this soliloquy shows how alone Hamlet is, as there is no mention of anyone (only when Ophelia enters the room). So this soliloquy shows how Hamlet is trapped, he is far too intelligent for this play and therefore is alone. This is shown in the way that he has cut himself off from the world (almost entirely). Soliloquies are extremely important in this play. Without them we would know nothing of Hamlets intellect, how he plans to get revenge, and what he is really like. Only in soliloquies do we, the audience, get to see the real Hamlet. This means that none of the other characters in the play really know what he is like. This is maybe why Hamlet cuts himself off from the world, because he knows that he can not tell anyone what he is truly thinking, hence he trusts no one. This lack of trust in people comes from the murder of his father. Hamlets moods and thoughts change a lot throughout the play. Without the soliloquies we would find it hard to understand Hamlet, and therefore the play. These soliloquies help the audience understand why Hamlet does the things he does e. g. excludes himself from the world. Soliloquies are important in this play as they reveal how Hamlets character. These soliloquies also show how Hamlet takes it upon himself, alone, to find out the truth. As well, the soliloquies in the play reflect the tension in Hamlets mind; he resists the outside ideas while continuing his own ideas inside his mind.

Convection Currents and How They Work

Convection Currents and How They Work Convection currents are flowing fluid that is moving because there is a temperature or density difference within the material. Because particles within a solid are fixed in place, convection currents are only seen in gases and liquids. A temperature difference leads to energy transfer from an area of higher energy to one of lower energy. Convection is a heat transfer process. When currents are produced, matter is moved from one location to another. So, this is also a mass transfer process. Convection that occurs naturally is called natural convection or free convection. If a fluid is circulated using a fan or a pump, its called forced convection. The cell formed by convection currents is called a convection cell or  Bà ©nard cell. Why Convection Currents Form A temperature difference causes particles to move, creating a current. In gases and plasma, a temperature difference also leads to regions of higher and lower density, where atoms and molecules move to fill in areas of low pressure. In short, hot fluids rise while cold fluids sink. Unless an energy source is present (e.g., sunlight, heat), convection currents only continue until a uniform temperature is reached. Scientists analyze the forces acting on a fluid to categorize and understand convection. These forces may include gravity, surface tension, concentration differences, electromagnetic fields, vibrations, and bond formation between molecules. Convection currents can be modeled and described using convection-diffusion equations, which are scalar transport equations. Examples of Convection Currents and Energy Scale You can observe convection currents in water boiling  in a pot. Simply add a few peas or bits of paper to trace the current flow. The heat source at the bottom of the pan heats the water, giving it more energy and causing the molecules to move faster. The temperature change also affects the density of the water. As water rises toward the surface, some of it has enough energy to escape as vapor. Evaporation cools the surface enough to make some molecules sink back toward the bottom of the pan again.A simple example of convection currents is warm air rising toward the ceiling or attic of a house. Warm air is less dense than cool air, so it rises.Wind is an example of a convection current. Sunlight or reflected light radiates heat, setting up a temperature difference that causes the air to move. Shady or moist areas are cooler, or able to absorb heat, adding to the effect. Convection currents are part of what drives global circulation of the Earths atmosphere.Combustion generates conv ection currents. The exception is that combustion in a zero-gravity environment lacks buoyancy, so hot gases dont naturally rise, allowing fresh oxygen to feed the flame. The minimal convection in zero-g causes many flames to smother themselves in their own combustion products. On a larger scale, atmospheric and oceanic circulation are the large-scale movement of air and water (the hydrosphere), respectively. The two processes work in conjunction with each other. Convection currents in the air and sea lead to weather.Magma in the Earths mantle moves in convection currents. The hot core heats the material above it, causing it to rise toward the crust, where it cools. The heat comes from the intense pressure on the rock, combined with the energy released from natural radioactive decay of elements. The magma cant continue to rise, so it moves horizontally and sinks back down.The stack effect or chimney effect describes convection currents moving gases through chimneys or flues. The buoyancy of air inside and outside of a building is always different due to temperature and humidity differences. Increasing the height of a building or stack increases the magnitude of the effect. This is the principle on which cooling towers are based.Convection currents are evide nt in the sun. The granules seen in the suns photosphere are the tops of convection cells. In the case of the sun and other stars, the fluid is plasma rather than a liquid or gas.

Rawl's and Chamberlain argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rawl's and Chamberlain argument - Essay Example 1) Explain Rawls's argument for the difference principle from the original position The differences in the political philosophies of John Rawls and Robert Nozick mostly relate to variance in their initial assumptions and system of argument. According to the different principle, it allows inequalities in the distribution of goods subject to those inequalities stand to the advantage of the worst-off members of the society. He is convinced about the rationality of this principle and tenders the following reasons for his stand: The right of each citizen on the total goods available with the society is equal. This goes to prove that he must have equal share in the material wealth of the society. What is the justification for unequal distribution? His argument is simple and straightforward. If the distribution system works to the advantage of the worst-off section of the society, that arrangement is fair enough. Rawls explains his strategy of setting up the original position through risk-m inimisation. Elaborating this Dr. Jan Garrette argues, â€Å"The Difference Principle has elements of other familiar ethical theories. The "socialist" idea (see Distributive Justice) that responsibilities or burdens should be distributed according to ability and benefits according to need is partly contained within the Difference Principle. We may reasonably assume that the "least advantaged" have the greatest needs and that those who receive special powers (hinted at under "social inequalities") also have special responsibilities or burdens. However, the merit principle that the use of special skills should be rewarded is also included in the Difference Principle.†(www.wku.edu/)Does this stand to reasoning? With the acceptance of the different principle, one visualises a situation where all suffer, in varied degrees except the one at the top. Risk-minimisation propounded as per the different principle will not hold good in all the situations. It may even lead to ridiculous c onclusions. (2) Explain Nozick's 'Wilt Chamberlain' argument In his book â€Å"Anarchy, State, and Utopia,† Robert Nozick argues, â€Å"Moral philosophy sets the background for, and boundaries of, political philosophy. What persons may and may not do to one another limits what they may do through the apparatus of a state, or do to establish such an apparatus.†(6)Wilt Chamberlin is a popular basketball player and the society adores him so much that 1 million people are ready to give him 25 cents each to watch him play basketball during the course of the entire season, assuming g that he will not entertain any other transactions. On the strength of this example, Nozick develops an argument. He writes, â€Å"Nozick's famous Wilt Chamberlain argument is an attempt to show that patterned principles of just distribution are incompatible with liberty. He asks us to assume that the original distribution in society, D1 is ordered by our choice of patterned principle, for insta nce Rawls's Difference Principle.† (seattlecentral.edu) Through this deal, Wilt will now own $250,000 and overnight he has a big sum as compared to any other member of the society. He further elaborates this example and comes to the conclusion

Difference Between Conflict Theories Assignment

Difference Between Conflict Theories - Assignment Example Marx and Simmel visualize this as a conflict that arises due to constant change and erosion within the society. The social distribution of power tilts the balance allowing some to be higher than the rest and making others subjects. According to this theory, there are general assumptions that human beings are essentially self-oriented and inclined to pursue their own interests at the expense of others. This means that there will be clashing ideologies that need to be synthesized and a compromise arrived at. As noted, these two theorems look at society from different angles. They both view the society as a source of values and customs but diverge in the area of analysis: structural theorists view it a source of cohesion while conflict theorists look at it as a source of conflict. 2-Explain the Idea of Dialectical Change by way of an Example. According to the dialecticians, any existing notion or thesis has an opposing notion or an anti-thesis. This means that every ideology in the worl d has an equal opposing factor that keeps it in check for equity to be achieved. This equity comes in the form of a compromise which is termed as synthesis. For instance, the best way to define this is by looking at society as a whole. The political class is always on the run for who is best and who is fit to lead the people whether as a senator or as a representative. The campaigning period is the most competitive of all with each trying to woo voters to their camps. They look for all ways through which they can eliminate their opponents by digging deep into the past and coming up with details that may taint their names and present them as unfit for public service. They create slogans that seek to motivate their supporters to shun the other camp. The compromise here is the fact that there are laws that govern this political theatrics and that the others have a chance to cast their votes and choose the very best that they perceive as their ultimate choice.

Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation

Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation Introduction: Infections that develop after transplantation may be life-threatening and may affect outcomes. Infection follows cardiovascular disease as the second most common cause of death with a functioning graft in kidney transplant recipients. Post-transplant infections develop in approximately 40% of recipients within the first year in spite of prophylaxis. Both the type and occurrence of infections in the immunocompromised transplant recipient follow a timetable pattern. HBV, hepatitis B virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PCP, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; PML, progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy; PTLD, post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; VRE, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis; VZV, varicella-zoster virus. Reproduced from Fishman JA. Infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2601-14. With permission from the Massachusetts Medical Society.  © 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society. Risk Factors for Posttransplant Infectious Complications Pretransplant host factors: Underlying medical condition e.g. Diabetes Mellitus Chronic infections e.g. Hepatitis C viral infection Latent infections e.g. Tuberculosis, Dimorphic fungi Colonization with resistant bacteria Recipients preexisting immunity e.g. Varicella Zoster Virus Prior medications e.g. Antimicrobials, Corticosteroids Transplant factors: Allograft derived e.g. Cytomegalovirus Surgical duration, instrumentation, wound, abdominal fluid collections, technical issue e.g. type of anastomosis Blood transfusion Immunosuppression Immunosuppressive agents and additional treatment for episodes of rejection Time posttransplant Epidemiologic exposure Urinary Tract Infections: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections following transplantation, which develop in approximately 20% of recipients. Female sex, genitourinary tract manipulation during transplantation, prolonged bladder catheterization, ureteric stenting, age, and delayed graft function (DGF) are independent risk factors. UTIs are independently associated with the development of bacteremia, and untreated UTIs are associated with subsequent rejection (3). Post-transplant vesicoureteric reflux occurs in up to 40% of transplant recipients, although is not associated with the UTI risk (4). Ureteric stents mitigate the risk of ureteric strictures and leaks after transplantation. Center practices vary, with stenting of all patients at some centers and more selective stenting at others. Wilson et al. performed a Cochrane analysis of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) encompassing 1,154 patients that examined the practice of allograft ureteric stenting (5). The incidence of major urologic complications including urine leak and obstruction was significantly reduced (relative risk [RR], 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.77; P=0.02; number needed to treat = 13) by universal prophylactic stenting. However, UTIs were more common in stented patients (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.15), unless the patients were prescribed trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), in which case the incidence was equivalent (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.33). Stents were generally well tolerated, although studies using longer stents (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥20 cm) for longer periods (> 6 weeks) developed problems mo re frequently with encrustation and migration. Typical pathogens include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas. In the case of recurrent infections, abscesses or other nidi of infection should be sought out by means of imaging with ultrasound or computed tomography. Early catheter removal decreases the incidence of UTI in renal allograft recipients. The use of TMP/SMX to prevent Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and UTI has long been the standard of care after kidney transplantation. Wojciechowski et al. performed a single-center study comparing TMP/SMX for 6 months (group 1) versus TMP/SMX for 6 months plus ciprofloxacin for 30 days (group 2) for prophylaxis after kidney transplantation (6). At 1 year, more patients in group 1 developed UTIs (23.6% versus 10.8%; P=0.01) and the mean time to first UTI was shorter. There was a similar incidence of enteric Gram-negative antibiotic resistance to TMP/ SMX (75% versus 80%; P=1.00) and ciprofloxacin (16.7% versus 30%; P=0.39) in groups 1 and 2. For groups 1 and 2, the proportion of first UTIs requiring hospitalization was 48.9% versus 40.6%, respectively. A clean-catch midstream urine specimen should be submitted for quantitative bacterial and fungal  culture. Antibiotic therapy should be tailored according to the offending microorganism and drug susceptibility tests. Septicemia: The incidence of hospitalizations for septicemia among renal transplant recipients is approximately 42 times that of the general population. The urinary tract is the most common source of septicemia, followed by the lungs, the surgical wound site, and the abdomen. Most cases occur within the first six months after transplantation. Among patients with bacteremia, poor outcome is associated with Gram-negative species, multidrug-resistant organisms, and Candida species, especially when the empiric antimicrobial therapy is inappropriate or delayed. Bige et al. retrospectively studied 83 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) admitted for sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock to their intensive care unit over a 10-year period (1). The main sites of infection were the lung (54%), urinary tract (24%), and bloodstream (22%). Eighty percent of infections were bacterial. Mechanical ventilation was used in 46 patients (56%), vasopressors in 39 patients (47%), and RRT in 34 patients (41%). The 90-day mortality rate was 22%. By day 90, among the 65 survivors, 39 (47%) had recovered their previous graft function, and 26 (31%) had impaired graft function, including 16 (19%) who were dependent on RRT. Some studies suggest that bacterial sepsis increases the risk for CMV infection because of high levels of tumor necrosis factor-ÃŽÂ ± (TNF-ÃŽÂ ±) or dysregulated immune response to CMV in the context of serious bacterial infections. For detection of bloodstream infection, two sets of blood cultures should be obtained before initiation of antimicrobial therapy. If intravascular catheter-associated bacteremia is suspected, the device should be removed and the catheter tip should be cultured. Pneumonia: The incidence of pneumonia in kidney transplantation is the lowest among all solid organ transplants (8 to 16 percent). However, pneumonia is the most serious infection, leading to death in up to 50 percent of cases. The infectious agent in the majority of patients is never determined. This is likely because of the low yield of blood and sputum cultures and the efficacy of antibacterial therapy. In patients who are hypoxic on presentation or do not respond to initial therapy, a bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is almost always warranted. Patients should be referred if possible to a transplant center to improve the likelihood of diagnosing the etiologic agent. Common causative organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and respiratory viruses such as influenza, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Less commonly, patients may present with opportunistic organisms such as P. jirovecii and L. pneumophila. Silver stains for direct fluorescent antibody for Pneumocystis should be done on sputum or BAL specimens. A urine Legionella antigen test should be done on all patients on initial work up. Mycobaterium tuberculosis: Among the infections, tuberculosis is an important cause of morbidity in renal transplant recipients in developing world. The incidence of post-transplant tuberculosis in India has been reported to be highest in the world at 5.7 to 10 percent in various studies. Most cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in kidney transplant recipients are due to reactivation of latent tuberculosis lesions. Important risk factors for reactivation include nonwhite race, history of active tuberculosis, presence of marked abnormality on a chest radiograph, exposure to person with a confirmed case of tuberculosis, and skin test positivity. In transplant patients, the clinical presentation of tuberculosis may be atypical and extrapulmonary and miliary tuberculosis is seen more frequently than in the normal population. Tuberculosis presents numerous diagnostic difficulties in renal transplant recipients. Because of high frequency of anergy in immunosupressed patients, the Mantoux test is generally unhelpful as a diagnostic tool. e classic picture of apical involvement in the general chest X-ray is seen in only a minority of renal transplant recipients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in the sputum smear requires repeated examination on several occasions and has a low yield. Identification on culture takes four to six weeks. Treatment of post-transplant tuberculosis presents problems both in the choice of antitubercular agents and in the duration of therapy. Rifampicin is a well-known hepatic P-450 microsomal enzyme inducer, increasing the clearance of both prednisolone and cyclosporine A. The dose of prednisolone needs to be doubled and that of cyclosporine increased to three- to four-fold to maintain therapeutic blood levels. e latter increases the cost of therapy and is unacceptable to a vast majority of patients. An alternative regime that has been successfully used for these patients consists of a combination of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ofloxacin, and ethambutol. e optimum duration of therapy is also a matter of debate but is usually for 9 to 12 months. e duration needs to be increased to 18 months in patients who are on cyclosporine and are not receiving rifampicin. e role of INH prophylaxis after transplant in endemic areas is controversial. Cytomegalovirus (CMV): CMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among kidney transplant recipients. Between 60 and 90 percent of adults are seropositive. Symptomatic disease ranges from a relatively mild syndrome of fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzymes to severe disseminated disease that involves multiple organ systems, such as the lung, liver, and GI tract. CMV disease has been implicated as a cause of acute and chronic graft dysfunction as well as long-term graft loss. CMV can also suppress the immune response which predisposes the host to infections with other viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The incidence and severity of CMV disease has been most strongly associated with the CMV serostatus of the kidney donor and recipient. Seronegative recipients who receive a kidney from a seropositive donor (D+/R-) are at greatest risk for severe primary infection during the first three months post-transplant. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of CMV is important because delayed recognition results in increased morbidity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for CMV DNA and pp65 antigen detections are the most commonly used means to detect CMV viremia. e shell vial viral culture method remains a reliable way of detecting CMV in sputum. Multiple strategies have been used to reduce the morbidity and mortality of CMV infection and its associated costs (see Table 4). Avoiding CMV sero- mismatching through organ allocation is not feasible or worthwhile. Universal prophylaxis refers to giving prophylactic therapy to all kidney transplant patients regardless of their CMV serostatus. Selected prophylaxis refers to giving prophylaxis to patients at high risk for CMV, namely the D+/R- category or those receiving lymphocyte-depleting therapy. e preemptive treatment approach treats asymptomatic CMV infection in an e ort to prevent CMV disease. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and there is no de nitive consensus on optimal preventive strategy. Prophylactic Therapy: Prophylactic therapy is effective in preventing CMV disease in high-risk patients. Ganciclovir and valganciclovir are equally efficacious. Ganciclovir 1,000 mg PO three times daily and valganciclovir 900 mg PO once daily are used. Valganciclovir is contraindicated in patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 10 ml/h. Prophylactic therapy is usually given during the first 100 days post- kidney transplant. A concern with the prophylactic strategy is that 20 to 30 percent of high-risk patients go on to develop late-onset CMV disease after the prophylaxis is stopped, and the incidence of ganciclovir resistance may be higher in those who receive prophylaxis. Preemptive Therapy: Preemptive therapy of CMV infection involves monitoring for CMV viremia and starting treatment before the development of signs or symptoms of disease. It has been shown to be as effective as prophylactic therapy in preventing CMV disease. Both oral ganciclovir and valganciclovir have been shown to be effective in treating viremia. Preemptive therapy has the advantage of avoiding the costs and complications of antiviral therapy in low-risk patients while at the same time initiating treatment early to avoid symptomatic disease in high-risk patients. It has also been shown to decrease the development of late CMV disease. Its major limitation is the need to perform frequent determinations of CMV viremia. Ganciclovir Resistance: Ganciclovir resistance is becoming more common among solid-organ transplant recipients. In one study, 6.2 percent of CMV isolates had UL97 or UL54 mutations. Viral strains with mutations in the UL97 gene, which encodes for a viral protein kinase, remain susceptible to foscarnet and cidofovir. Mutations in the UL54 gene that encodes DNA polymerase can result in resistance to ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. e emergence of ganciclovir-resistant CMV underscores the importance of optimizing preventive strategies. BK Virus (BKV): BKV is associated with post-transplantation nephropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis, and ureteral obstruction. It has a tropism for genitourinary tract and usually remains dormant in the urinary tract and circulating leukocytes after the primary childhood infection and becomes reactivated during immunosuppression. Adult seroprevalence rates for BKV range from 65 to 90 percent and BKV reactivation can come from the recipient or the donor. BK viremia occurs in 13 percent and BK nephropathy in 8 percent of kidney transplant recipients. Analysis of risk factors for reactivation has underscored the central role played by serologic status of the donor, immunosuppressive regimens, injury to the uroepithelial tissue, and acute rejection. Distinguishing between BK infection and allograft rejection is of paramount importance, since BK infection necessitates reducing immunosuppression and allograft rejection requires the opposite. Among kidney transplant recipients who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, 10 to 60 percent have reactivation of BKV accompanied by shedding of urothelial cells. Shedding is inconsistently associated with allograft dysfunction. Once the virus has reactivated, an ascending infection via cell-to-cell spread occurs. e overall state of immunosuppression is the primary determinant of BKV reactivation. Viral replication begins early after transplantation and progresses through detectable stages-viruria, then viremia, then nephropathy. Viruria can be detected by PCR for BKV DNA, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for BKV RNA, cytology for BKV inclusion bearing epithelial cells termed decoy cells, or electron microscopy for viral particles. Viremia is a better predictor of nephropathy than viruria. Although higher levels of viremia correlate with the risk of developing nephropathy, there are no established thresholds of viremia to indicate nephropathy. The gold standard for establishing BK nephropathy remains a kidney biopsy with positive immuno- histochemical or immunofluorescent staining for the SV-40 large T antigen. An effective screening strategy is to check blood for BKV DNA by PCR monthly for the first 3 months and at 6 and 12 months after transplantation, at the time of any unexplained rise in serum creatinine, and after augmentation of immunosuppression. Because BKV nephropathy is preceded by BK viremia, asymptomatic BK viremia should prompt empiric immunosuppression reduction and continued monitoring. Currently, no established antiviral treatment is available, and control of viral infection is tentatively obtained by means of reduction of immunosuppression. Treatment attempts have included immunoglobulins without proof of efficacy. Other options include deoxyspergualin, cidofovir, leflunomide, uoroquinolones and gyrase inhibitors. Cidofovir use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. Fungal Infections: The incidence of fungal infections in renal transplant recipients is less than that reported for other solid organ transplant recipients, the mortality from fungal infections remains high and is related to the pathogenicity of the  organisms, site of infection, impaired host inflammatory response, limited diagnostic tools, potential for rapid clinical progression, failure to recognize a high-risk patient, and comorbidities, such as renal failure and diabetes mellitus. Colonization with yeasts and molds occurs frequently in transplant candidates with ESRD and after transplantation because of exposure to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, domiciliary and hospital exposures, immunosuppressive therapy, especially corticosteroids, and the presence of urinary catheters and endotracheal tubes. Isolation of Candida species from cultures of stool, respiratory, and urine samples occurs commonly in kidney transplant recipients receiving corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antimicrobials and does not necessarily imply infection. However, repeatedly positive fungal cultures from a single or from multiple sites may herald invasive candidiasis in the appropriate clinical setting. Candida species, Aspergillus species, P. jiroveci, and C. neoformans are the most common fungal pathogens reported in renal transplant recipients. Candida infections occur most commonly during the first month following transplantation and are usually associated with transplant surgical technical complications, early rejection, and enhanced immuno- suppression. Candida infection is most commonly associated with an endogenous source of colonization. C. albicans is the most common species, followed by C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. Speciation is clinically useful because nonalbicans Candida species vary in in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B and azoles. Sites of Candida infection include mucocutaneous candidiasis and esophagitis; wound infections; cystitis, pyelonephritis, and ureteral obstruction by Candida elements or fungal ball; intra- abdominal infections, including infected perigraft fluid collections or peritonitis; and intravascular device- associated fungemia. Renal parenchymal infection most often results from candidemia and hematogenous spread, although ascending infection from the bladder can oc cur. Candiduria is typically asymptomatic but may be associated with cystitis or upper tract infection. Patients with genitourinary tract stents and recurrent funguria often require removal of foreign body to eradicate the infection. Cryptococcus often presents as meningitis but may cause space-occupying brain lesions; pulmonary, dermatologic, skeletal, organ-specific disease; aspergillosis-pneumonia and other tissue-invasive forms, including genitourinary, central nervous system, rhinocerebral, GI, skin, wound, and musculoskeletal disease. Patients at risk for aspergillosis include those receiving repeated courses of enhanced immuno- suppression for rejection and those with chronic graft dysfunction, diabetes, comorbid medical illnesses, or CMV infection. Diagnosis of aspergillus infection depends on a high clinical suspicion, isolation of Aspergillus species from a sterile body site or repeated isolation from the respiratory tract, and typical radiographic findings. Radiologic appearances of pulmonary aspergillosis in kidney transplant recipients include nodules, di use or wedge-shaped opacities, empyema, or cavitary forms. Serial measurement of aspergillus galactomannan in the serum may aid in the early diagno sis of invasive aspergillosis in the high-risk setting. Historically, invasive candidiasis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis were treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB). The lipid formulations of amphotericin B are all associated with lower risks for nephrotoxicity, metabolic derangements, and infusion-associated side effects than is AmB. Higher therapeutic dosages can be administered, and broad-spectrum antifungal activity is generally maintained. Voriconazole appears to be superior to conventional AmB for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and also has in vitro activity against a wider range of organisms. Available in both intravenous and oral formulations, the drug is generally well-tolerated, but some patients experience visual hallucinations or severe photosensitivity. Oral posaconazole has excellent activity in vitro against Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor species, but experience in solid organ transplant recipients is limited to date. Although itraconazole has good in vitro activity against Aspergillus species, its use is generally reserved for treatment of less-severe aspergillosis or maintenance therapy following initial response to lipid amphotericin or voriconazole and for treatment of endemic mycoses. Fluconazole is the first-line agent of the treatment or prevention of reactivation of coccidioidomycosis in renal transplant  recipients. The echinocandins, including caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin, inhibit synthesis of fungal cell wall protein ÃŽÂ ²1-3 glucan and are fungicidal for Candida species, including fluconazole-resistant species. Available only as intravenous formulations, the echinocandins are effective, well tolerated, and have few drug-drug interactions.